After witnessing the surge in popularity of whiskey in 2009, tequila in 2013, and gin in 2015, the industry has been eagerly anticipating the rise of rum. While you may have already indulged in a saccharine Mojito or a Daiquiri, the emergence of sophisticated rum cocktails on modern menus hints at rum’s imminent moment in the spotlight. Perhaps the reason rum has faced challenges in the limelight is due to its nuanced nature, encompassing a wide variety of flavors and styles that can be difficult for those unfamiliar to differentiate.
History of Rum
During the 15th Century, the Spanish and Portuguese established colonies in the Canary Islands, Maderia, and Sao Tomé, meeting the growing demand for sugar cane sweeteners and preservatives in Europe. Columbus, by the end of the same century, brought settlers who began cultivating sugar cane on the island of Hispaniola. Spain swiftly expanded cane farming to Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Cuba. Subsequently, in 1624, the English and French, in collaboration with the Dutch as privateers, claimed any remaining unsettled lands from the Spanish. As a result, sugar cane was cultivated on every Caribbean island where the warm climate was ideal for its growth. Regrettably, the cultivation was mainly carried out using slave labor, the effects of which still linger in the region today.
The production of sugar was a relatively simple process, which took crushed cane stalks and cooked the sweet juice with lime to remove any impurities. The dense, rich liquid was then poured into clay pots to initiate the sugar crystallization process. As the crystals formed, the thick dark liquid – molasses – was drained from the pot through a hole at the bottom. What remained was hardened dark brown sugar that was then transported to European markets.
The leftover molasses, which was a byproduct of the sugar production, was drained from the pots and underwent fermentation. Yeast and water were typically introduced to the molasses mixture. After a few weeks, the remaining alcohol could be separated through distillation using a pot still. This process resulted in a delightful distilled beverage known today as rum. Interestingly, the Portuguese, who initially popularized this spirit, continue to refer to it as ‘cachaça.’
Different Types of Rum
Rum, a versatile spirit derived from sugar cane byproducts like molasses, stands apart from other spirits like whiskey and brandy due to its lack of strict categorization. While federal guidelines define rum as a distilled beverage made from fermented sugar cane juice, syrup, molasses, or other byproducts, its production transcends borders, resulting in a myriad of styles. Examples include funky Jamaican bottlings and lighter rums from Puerto Rico and Cuba.
With a wide range of flavors and styles, rum encompasses everything from vodka-like extra light rums to rich and distinctive aged rums reminiscent of cognac. Additionally, there are unique variations like Navy and Dunder rums, further expanding the already extensive assortment. Flavored rums also contribute to the diverse array of tastes. This guide will provide an overview of the main rum categories.
Aged rums – Aged rums undergo the transformative process of maturing in wooden casks, typically made of oak. These casks have previously served to age spirits like bourbon, cognac, sherry, port, or wine. As part of the final stage of aging, rums can be transferred to different casks, a practice referred to as finishing. This process is shared with other aged spirits. So, aged rums benefit from the effects of aging and the art of finishing, resulting in a unique and delightful flavor profile.
Dark rums – This term holds little significance beyond denoting the color of a rum. In the case of youthful rums, their hue may be enhanced using caramel and infused with diverse techniques like wood chips or steamed barrels. There are few regulations surrounding the application of this term.
Flavored rums – Vanilla, nutmeg, and cinnamon are among the spices that can be used to add flavor to rums across different categories. Additionally, flavor essences like vanilla, coconut, banana, and raspberry can also be incorporated. It is worth noting that the majority of spiced rums are light rums that undergo continuous distillation and are infused with a combination of ginger, cinnamon, clove, and vanilla spices.
Golden rums – Golden rums get their name from their amber hue, which comes from aging in wooden barrels or the incorporation of caramel. These rums typically have a light to medium body and are crafted by various producers in numerous rum-making regions.
Similar to the realm of tequila, the use of the term golden in relation to a rum might only signify that caramel has been incorporated to grant it a golden hue. Unless explicitly stated on a rum’s label that it has undergone an aging process, the presence of a golden color does not serve as an indication of maturation.
Martinique agricole rum – Martinique, an island in the French Caribbean, is renowned for its production of ‘rhum agricole,’ a type of rum made by fermenting freshly pressed sugar cane juice instead of the more common molasses. This unique style of rum is crafted in nine distilleries on the island. The French government strictly regulates the production of ‘rhum agricole’ under the designation of A.O.C. (Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée). Interestingly, there are twelve different types of sugar cane allowed in its production, with blue cane being considered the premium choice due to its high sugar content.
Different types exist within the Rhum agricole category, such as ‘blanc rhum’, ‘ambre rhum’, and ‘vieux rhum’. To meet the criteria of being considered vieux rhum, this aged rum must mature for at least three years, as indicated by the initials ‘VS’. Additionally, ‘VSOP’ signifies a duration of four years, while ‘XO’ denotes a period of six years. Extraordinary years may carry their vintage date on the label.
Rhum presents a remarkable departure from the usual sweet profiles that feature notes of banana, gingerbread, vanilla, and cocoa associated with rum. Instead, it offers a vibrant array of earthy, herbaceous, and vegetal flavors that can be best described as ‘funk’. This unique characteristic sets Rhum apart and makes it an intriguing choice when used in cocktails.
Naval rums – Naval rum lacks a legal or specific definition, yet it evokes a characteristic profile – deep, robust, rich, and tannic. Typically, naval rum comprises a fusion of rums sourced from various countries, often those encountered along the customary paths of the British Royal Naval voyages.
Overproof rums – Rums from all categories, except aged rums, can be bottled with minimal or no dilution. Rums with an alcohol content exceeding 50% ABV (100 proof) are considered overproof. The term ‘barrel proof’ is typically reserved for high-strength aged rums.
Light white/ blanco / dry / platino rums – White rums, also known as blanco, dry, or platino rums, lack significant aging. While some variants may undergo up to three years of aging, this process is tempered, and much of the color derived from aging is eliminated through charcoal filtration. Whether made from cane juice or molasses, the distinguishing feature of these rums is that the spirit itself is the primary source of flavor, with any wood influence taking a secondary role.
Jamaican rums – Jamaican Rum is renowned for its rich and intricate flavors, often characterized by a distinct funky or ‘hogo’ profile. This can be largely attributed to the utilization of a unique local yeast strain during fermentation, coupled with the traditional pot still distillation technique. The exceptional taste of Jamaican Rum is frequently linked to the incorporation of dunder – a blend of residual yeast and remnants from previous distillations – which is added to the fermentation process to elevate the rum’s flavor. Unlike many other rums, Jamaican Rum is typically crafted through the employment of pot stills, a time-honored approach that yields a more full-bodied and flavorful spirit.
Rum Cocktails to Try at Home
From classic cocktail recipes to modern riffs, here are our favorite rum cocktails.
1. Rum Old Fashioned
Indulge in a unique twist on the classic Old Fashioned. This rendition combines rich dark rum, demerara syrup, allspice dram, and a blend of orange and Angostura bitters. Dark rum, aged in barrels, offers a whiskey-like appeal with its woody flavors. The allspice dram contributes extra spice and complexity. Demerara syrup, derived from raw cane sugar, provides a more luxurious taste and texture compared to simple syrup. Finally, the combination of orange and Angostura bitters brings a well-balanced structure with vibrant citrus notes and bold aromatics.
2. Daiquiri
Legend has it that the iconic Daiquiri first came to life back in 1898 in the charming mining town of Daiquiri, nestled on the southeastern coast of Cuba. A brilliant American mining engineer by the name of Jennings Cox is credited with its creation. This extraordinary libation, boasting a harmonious blend of light rum, fresh lime juice, and delectable simple syrup, delivers a vibrant and tangy taste that is bound to captivate even the most discerning palates.
3. Dark and Stormy
Elevate your rum experience with a twist on the beloved Moscow Mule. This classic variation, known as the Dark ‘n Stormy, boasts a remarkable fusion of flavors using just three essential ingredients. For true authenticity, opt for Gosling’s Black Seal rum, as it holds the exclusive trademark for this cocktail. Originating from Bermuda, this exquisite rum showcases a delightful harmony of caramel, vanilla, and spice notes, beautifully complementing the blend of lime juice and ginger beer. Brace yourself for a visually captivating storm in a glass, that goes down dangerously smooth.
4. Kingston Negroni
The Kingston Negroni, a delightful variation of the classic cocktail, offers a unique twist by replacing gin with a funky Jamaican rum. This innovative adaptation transforms the traditional aperitivo into a remarkably distinct experience. While staying true to the original’s simple equal-parts format, the Kingston Negroni introduces bold flavors that elegantly harmonize and mellow each other. Indulge in this extraordinary contemporary creation and savor the exquisite blend of Jamaican rum in this Negroni riff.
5. Pain Killer
The Painkiller, a delightful twist on the Piña Colada, brings together a luscious blend of rum, pineapple juice, orange juice, and cream of coconut. This exquisite cocktail offers a harmonious fusion of flavors, resulting in a rich and fruity concoction. Evoking a sense of tropical bliss, the Painkiller’s name itself alludes to its potential to alleviate your worries. Indulge in this tropical elixir and allow yourself to be transported to a serene island paradise.
6. Hemingway Daiquiri
The Hemingway Daiquiri, also referred to as the Papa Doble, was conceived by the renowned author Ernest Hemingway. During his time in Cuba at the Floridita, he sampled their iconic daiquiri and requested a modification: no sugar and double the rum. Over time, the recipe progressed to incorporate grapefruit juice. Indulge in the exquisite Hemingway Daiquiri and savor the legacy of this legendary writer in every sip.
7. Mojito
Indulge in the enticing mystery of the Mojito, a delightful concoction of minty freshness with an enigmatic heritage and an impossible to translate name. This iconic rum-based masterpiece embraces simplicity, blending white rum, fragrant mint leaves, zesty lime juice, and just the right touch of sweetness. Through the art of muddling, mint and lime intertwine, releasing a fusion of citrus and tantalizing sweetness. Embodying the very essence of summer, the Mojito stands as the quintessential quencher for scorching days, provided it is crafted with finesse and premium ingredients.
8. Piña Colada
The Piña Colada, arguably the most iconic of all tropical cocktails, boasts strong connections to the Caribbean region. In fact, it holds the prestigious title of Puerto Rico’s official national drink. Translated from Spanish, Piña Colada literally means ‘strained pineapple,’ capturing the essence of this delightful concoction. Picture a luscious slushy blend of pineapple juice, rum, and creamy coconut milk. Complete with a umbrella garnish, this beverage has a magical ability to transport your senses to exotic shores. Indulge in the irresistible allure of the Piña Colada, and let your taste buds embark on a flavorful journey to paradise.
9. El Presidente
The El Presidente Cocktail, a timeless Cuban concoction, blends the richness of rum with the vibrant flavors of orange Curaçao, vermouth, and grenadine. This exquisite libation, originally crafted with blanc vermouth, captures the essence of Cuba’s vibrant cocktail culture. Indulge in the El Presidente, a preferred choice among the elite in Cuban society from the 1920s to the 1940s, during the American era of Prohibition.
10. Ti’ Punch
Ti’ Punch, known as the national drink of Martinique and Guadalupe, is a renowned rum-based cocktail that captures the essence of the French-speaking Caribbean islands. Its exquisite flavor stems from the use of rhum agricole as its primary ingredient. Combined with the tangy zest of a lime wedge and the subtle sweetness of either simple syrup or cane syrup. Traditionally savored neat as an apéritif, this classic libation has evolved to embrace modern variations that serve it over ice, offering a refreshing twist to elevate your drinking experience.
11. Queens Park Swizzle
Indulge in the exquisite Queen’s Park Swizzle, a tropical libation that pays homage to the renowned Queen’s Park Hotel in Trinidad’s vibrant Port of Spain. This striking cocktail artfully blends the opulent Demerara Rum from neighboring Guyana, known for its deep and smoky flavor. With the perfect harmony of zesty lime juice, luscious simple syrup, a generous four dashes of the legendary Angostura bitters, and a refreshing sprig of mint. Immerse yourself in the essence of Trinidad with the unmistakable touch of Angostura bitters.
12. Old Cuban
In 2001, Audrey Saunders, a renowned bartender from New York City, crafted a delightful cocktail influenced by the Mojito. The foundation of this exquisite drink consists of aged rum, lime juice, and refreshing mint, similar elements to its predecessor. However, Audrey took this concoction to new heights by introducing bitters and champagne into the mix. By opting for aged rum instead of the traditional white rum, she created a truly elevated and indulgent experience.
13. Jungle Bird
Experience the Jungle Bird, an iconic cocktail that made its debut at the prestigious Kuala Lumpur Hilton in 1973. As Malaysia’s national cocktail, the Jungle Bird tantalizes your taste buds with its unique blend of flavors. Unlike your typical tropical cocktails, this delightful concoction boasts a boldness that comes from the addition of Campari, the renowned bitter Italian amaro. However, the intensity is beautifully balanced with the smoothness of dark rum, preferably Jamaican, along with the refreshing notes of pineapple juice, lime juice, and simple syrup. Indulge in the Jungle Bird and let your senses embark on a captivating flavor adventure.
14. Bywater
Indulge in this captivating drink, deriving its inspiration from the South. Offering a delightful likeness to the beloved Brooklyn cocktail, it pays tribute to the lively Caribbean influence found in the Bywater neighborhood. Ingeniously whiskey is replaced with the silky smoothness of rum, expertly incorporated with falernum, a traditional liqueur boasting notes of allspice, lime, and ginger, it deviates from the norm by selecting Averna over vermouth. This choice recognizes the amaro’s rich body and depth of flavor, while also paying tribute to the South’s cherished tradition of oranges. Additionally, it respectfully nods to the classic Brooklyn cocktail with its delightful tang of orange peel, reminiscent of the orange-infused Amer Picon.
15. Mai Tai
Trader Vic’s, the renowned tiki bar in Los Angeles, is often recognized as the birthplace of the legendary Mai Tai cocktail, which they proudly claim to have crafted back in 1944. When prepared with care, the Mai Tai becomes an exquisite libation, showcasing the finest rum as its foundation. Say goodbye to artificial, overly sweet mixes and instead embrace fresh, high-quality ingredients in your Mai Tai concoctions.
FAQ
What are the most popular rum cocktails?
The most popular rum cocktails are the Mojito, Piña Colada, Daiquiri, and Mai Tai.
What’s an easy rum drink to order at a bar?
A mojito, it’s a quintessential white rum cocktail that every bartender will know how to make. Rum and Coke is also a simple and straightforward drink that every bar will have the ingredients for.